2016 kumamoto earthquakes

doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021294. During and after the earthquakes, numerous incidents of compounded disasters were observed. (D) Building damage due to foundation failures (location 5 in region 2; near KMMH16). Figure 3. Trouvez les 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Another important factor appeared to be the proximity to rivers (see Figure 15). Region 1 includes Kumamoto City and Uto City (i.e., urban areas in the Kumamoto plain); Region 2 includes Mashiki Town and Nishihara Village (i.e., rural areas outside of Aso Caldera), which are very close to the Futagawa fault and were shaken intensely during the mainshock; and Region 3 includes Minami Aso Village and Aso City, which are inside of Aso Caldera. (2014) for the mainshock: (A) peak ground acceleration, (B) spectral acceleration at 0.3 s, (C) spectral acceleration at 1.0 s, and (D) spectral acceleration at 3.0 s. The consistency of the observed ground motion data and the prediction model is useful for estimating ground motion parameters at unobserved locations where an estimate of experienced shaking intensity help understand the observed earthquake damage in the field. The borehole recording is installed at a depth of 255 m (ground surface is at 55 m altitude). 7. Using the observed response spectra at KMM008 (shown in Figure 10B), Boore et al. Nonetheless, more investigations are warranted to understand the exact cause of the exceptionally large ground motions in these areas, which are remote from the fault rupture zone. Idriss, I. M., and Boulanger, R. W. (2008). doi:10.1785/0120060194. The results are presented in Figure 18 (the format is similar to those shown in Figure 15 for Mashiki Town). For the modified Omori law, the temporal decay parameter (p-value) for both datasets is estimated as 1.0, which is broadly consistent with the past studies of aftershock statistics (Guo and Ogata, 1997). Figure 9 compares observed ground motions with predicted mainshock ground motions, respectively, based on the Boore et al. Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes. Seismol. Seismol. The Joyner-Boore distance from the mainshock rupture plane to Kumamoto port is 15.0 km. A photo of Kumamoto Castle is shown in Figure 12A. The roof of the main castle (right-hand side) was damaged, and the wooden panels on the stone walls had collapsed. In total, 277 buildings were inspected, consisting of 22 RC buildings, 15 steel buildings, 235 timber buildings, and 5 buildings with unknown material types. These are examples of the compounding disaster chain caused by the earthquakes and heavy rain. Along Akitsu river (near Location 3 in Figure 11A), ground deformation and failures, including liquefaction, were reported. Available at: http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html [accessed June 18, 2016]. Out of 277 buildings, 47 buildings were undamaged, 63 buildings suffered slight damage, 50 buildings were heavily damaged, and 69 buildings were destroyed or are likely to be demolished due to unrepairable damage. |, Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 2016, Cabinet Office of Government of Japan, 2016, General Insurance Association of Japan, 2016, Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, 2016, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (2016), Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (2016), Geospatial Institute of Japan (GSI) (2016), http://www.gdm.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_e.html, https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbuil.2016.00019, https://www.istructe.org/resources-centre/technical-topic-areas/eefit, https://gbank.gsj.jp/seamless/index_en.html, http://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai3/kumamotoshisan/kumamotoshisan20160523.pdf, http://www.sonpo.or.jp/en/news/2016/1606_03.html, http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html, http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/13feb_chi_kyushu/k_11.pdf, https://gbank.gsj.jp/activefault/index_e_gmap.html, http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/kojiok/kumamoto2016KOreport2.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes. A damage survey was conducted near Kumamoto Castle (i.e., downtown Kumamoto City; Location 1 in Figure 11A). For instance, a RC-frame temple (Figure 13C) had collapsed due to the failures of beam-column joints (note: this building did not collapse after the foreshock but only suffered noticeable damage; it then collapsed due to the mainshock). In these recorded accelerograms, the existence of a locally triggered event due to the mainshock was clearly observed; this increased the ground motion intensity at relatively remote locations. (B) Cladding damage to a building in the city center (location 1 in region 1). Earthq. The preceding hazard information (i.e., earthquake rupture potential of the Hinagu and Futagawa fault systems) has been utilized by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion in developing a wide range of probabilistic seismic hazard maps in Japan.6 One type of seismic hazard maps display the probability of experiencing a certain shaking intensity in a 30-year period by taking into account all possible seismic sources surrounding a site of interest. To understand the earthquake damage characteristics in Mashiki Town, a detailed damage survey was conducted near the Mashiki town office (note: JMA recording station was installed at the town office, which recorded the JMA intensity of 7 during the foreshock and mainshock). These observations are a strong argument for making more detailed investigations of the site amplification and the non-linear site response. Just better. The total economic loss was estimated to be 24–46 billion US dollars (Cabinet Office of Government of Japan, 2016), while the insurance loss pay-out exceeded three billion US dollars (General Insurance Association of Japan, 2016). Seismol. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) registered a magnitude of MJ 6.5 (moment magnitude Mw 6.1). Effect of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes on preventable hospital admissions: a retrospective cohort study in Japan BMJ Open. The distance between Kumamoto port and KMM008 is 10.6 km. (B) Estimated response spectra at Kumamoto port based on the ground motion model by Boore et al. Overall, the spatial correlation coefficient of 0.5 is adopted as a representative value for the Kumamoto port and KMM008 (i.e., 10.6 km separation distance). The total number of examinees was … Large cracks and gaps were observed at both sides of the abutments/roads. The surveys were carried out by two people to minimize the misassignment of the building damage grade. Historically, there have been damaging earthquakes in the Kumamoto region. The Futagawa fault stretches from the outskirt of Aso Caldera to Uto Peninsula (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, 2016). Similarly to the Futagawa fault, there is a possibility that all three segments of the Hinagu fault could rupture simultaneously, resulting in an Mw 7.7–8.0 earthquake. (C) Damage to Choyo bridge (location 11 in Region 3). To share the gathered damage data widely, geo-tagged photos are organized using Google Earth and the kmz file is made publicly available. European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98). For these purposes, available ground motion data for 20 seismic events that occurred in April 2016 (MJ ≥4.3) are downloaded from the K-NET and KiK-net (in total, 6,177 records, including borehole recording data for the KiK-net; each record has three components), and are processed uniformly to compute acceleration and velocity waveforms as well as various ground motion parameters [peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5%-damped spectral acceleration (SA)]. 8. Probabilistic buckling analysis of axially loaded piles in liquefiable soils. Earthq. Nine people were killed and more than 1000 were wounded, including 70 major injuries. Bull. model, curves that correspond to median plus/minus one SD are shown as broken lines, where the SD is the intra-event sigma as the predicted ground motions are compared with data from a single event. ground motion model, and spatial correlation coefficient (i.e., 0.5), response spectra at Kumamoto port are estimated. National Nov 14, 2016. The total length of the fault exceeds 64 km, consisting of three segments: Futagawa segment (circa 29 km), Uto segment (circa 20 km), and Uto Peninsula segment (circa 27 km). Bull. 45, 13–24. Using the observed earthquake data in the Kumamoto region, statistical analysis of aftershocks is carried out by applying the Gutenberg–Richter law (i.e., frequency-magnitude characteristics of an aftershock sequence) and the modified Omori law (temporal decay of an aftershock occurrence rate; Guo and Ogata, 1997). model. As part of the investigations, regional earthquake catalog data and strong motion data were analyzed. In the southern part of Mashiki Town (mainly agricultural areas along Kiyama river), uplifts of manholes were observed and settlements of the embankments along Kiyama river were seen (see also Figure 15), resulting in major gaps between the bridge deck and abutments. (E) Ground settlement over a timber house (location 13 in region 3). (D) Velocity time-histories for the mainshock at KMM008. Damage survey results in the Kurokawa district of Minami Aso village. (A) Locations of the Futagawa–Hinagu faults. Bhattacharya, S., and Goda, K. (2013). The JMA intensity of 7 (highest intensity in the JMA intensity scale) was recorded in Mashiki Town during both the foreshock and the mainshock (i.e., double shocks). doi:10.1785/0120080058. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "M7.0 - 1km WSW of Kumamoto-shi, Japan: Shake Map", "US Forces Deliver Aid to Japanese Quake-Hit Areas; 44 Dead", "Last Kumamoto quake victim ID'd, leaving death toll at 50", "www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20160422_02/", "70% of Kumamoto victims died in collapsed homes：The Asahi Shimbun", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes&oldid=6641199, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Due to the earthquake of April 14 and subsequent earthquakes in the Kumamoto region, the following Sony Group manufacturing sites have been affected: Operations at … The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. The available finite-fault model for the mainshock is used to estimate the ground deformation in the near-fault region. Some damage to port facilities was observed (e.g., overpass steel bridge at the ferry terminal). Statistical relations between the parameters of aftershocks in time, space, and magnitude. Soc. Built Environ. The MJ 6.5 foreshock induced an active sequence of dependent events (including a MJ 6.4 event on April 15, 2016). Numerous surface ruptures were observed in Mashiki Town (Shirahama et al., 2016). The estimated ground motion at Kumamoto port, based on statistical analysis of observed ground motions at recording stations, indicates that the experienced PGA (typically 0.5 g) at Kumamoto port was sufficiently large to trigger liquefaction to landfilled sand layers. The analyses of regional seismic catalog and available strong motion recordings reveal striking characteristics of the events, such as migrating seismicity, earthquake surface rupture, and major foreshock-mainshock earthquake sequences. Eng. 99, 3487–3495. The impact of the earthquakes on admissions for ACSCs did not persist for more than 7 days. The ground deformation and shaking in the near-fault zone affected various kinds of infrastructure, such as bridges, roads, and tunnels. Spectra 30, 1057–1085. The earthquake sequence also triggered several moderate earthquakes (and some damage) at remote locations, such as Yufu City and Kokonoe Town in Oita Prefecture (about 60 km NE of Mashiki Town). Figure 2. Figure 1B shows an elevation map of the Kumamoto region based on the GDEM database.5 The NE end of the Futagawa segment lies at the opening of the walls of Aso Caldera. For the mainshock, at the Kumamoto GEONET station (32.8421°N, 130.7648°E), 0.75 m horizontal deformation in the ENE direction and 0.20 m downward deformation were recorded, while at the Choyo GEONET station (32.8707°N, 130.9962°E), 0.97 m horizontal deformation in the SW direction and 0.23 m upward deformation were recorded. For the record processing, a standard procedure (e.g., tapering, zero-padding, and band-pass filtering) suggested by Boore (2005) is implemented. Several high-rise buildings suffered earthquake damage, such as diagonal shear cracks that were visible from a distance. The spatiotemporal process of the foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequence is characterized through observed seismic activities and seismological models, such as the Gutenberg–Richter relationship and the modified Omori’s law. In the figures, to show the confidence interval of the Boore et al. Ghofrani, H., Atkinson, G. M., and Goda, K. (2013). Significant disruptions and delays in rescue and evacuation operations were caused due to destruction of the regional traffic network. On pads and filters: processing strong-motion data. The survey was based on external visual inspections of buildings; building damage severity was assigned based on the earthquake damage grade categories that are similar to the EMS-98 guideline (Grünthal, 1998). Figure 14. The building damage in Mashiki Town was extensive; numerous building collapses were observed. 11, 205–239. The most recent seismic hazard assessment by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (2016) has taken into account rupture scenarios from the Futagawa and Hinagu faults. (A) Collapsed timber building in the Kurokawa district of Minami Aso Village (Location 11 in Region 3). The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake emphasized the significance of understanding the activity and development of secondary faults. In the same area, Oogiribata bridge, a curved 5-span steel girder bridge constructed in 2000, was damaged significantly. The main structures of Aso Shrine had been destroyed by the mainshock (Figure 17F). At several places, ground deformation up to 2 m was reported (Shirahama et al., 2016). Several cultural heritages (e.g., Kumamoto Castle and Aso Shrine) were also damaged severely due to the earthquakes. Tsunami damage to coastal defences and buildings in the March 11th 2011 Mw9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. doi:10.1007/s10518-012-9348-9. Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes. Figure 5 shows observed acceleration as well as velocity time-histories (three components) at KMMH16 for the foreshock and mainshock. This earthquake caused significantly greater damage in wider areas near the fault (e.g., Mashiki Town, Nishihara Village, and Minami Aso Village). The surveyed areas were also close to the KMMH16 station. The moment magnitude for the mainshock is set to 7.1 according to F-net. This means the crustal deformation in the Kyushu Island due to … Eng. Numerous buildings had collapsed due to the double shocks. In the plain areas of Kumamoto, several sections of Kyushu Expressway (bridges and road surface cracks) were damaged due to the earthquakes, resulting in major disruption of the regional traffic network. A fault deformation and surface rupture in Nishihara Village were investigated at Location 7 in Figure 11B. The earthquake damage in the Kumamoto downtown was relatively minor, despite the intense ground shaking experienced; however, major damage to Kumamoto Castle was caused. This demonstrates the critical importance of the disaster recovery process in ensuring community resilience. Available at: http://www.sonpo.or.jp/en/news/2016/1606_03.html [accessed June 18, 2016]. The division of the datasets is intended for studying the temporal changes of the site response related to soil non-linearity during the Kumamoto foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequence [e.g., Sawazaki et al. At Tawarayama bridge near the tunnel, similar abutment/ground failures were observed. Earthq. To investigate the site amplification at KMMH16 in detail, the borehole-to-surface ratios of Fourier amplitude spectra (Ghofrani et al., 2013) are computed for all 20 earthquakes that are analyzed as part of this study. The results of the calculated elastic deformation profiles based on the GSI finite-fault model for the mainshock are shown in Figures 4B–D. The observed ground motion data were in agreement with an empirical ground motion model by Boore et al. The majority of the buildings that had suffered a soft-story collapse had predominantly deformed/collapsed in the EW direction (more toward west), approximately parallel with Road 28 (e.g., Figures 13A,B). Bull. The road pavements were destroyed due to compressional forces. (B) Elevation map of the Kumamoto region. The average shear wave velocity at Kumamoto port is considered to be 200 m/s. 20 Figure 9. Figure 17. Pure Appl. At the crest of Oogiribata dam, major surface rupture was observed (Figure 16B). In the comparison conducted herein, the strike-slip faulting mechanism and the regional factor for Japanese earthquakes are taken into account. 2:19. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2016.00019, Received: 11 July 2016; Accepted: 03 August 2016; Published: 22 August 2016. The earthquakes occurred along the Hinagu–Futagawa fault zones, which were considered to be capable of hosting Mw 7 earthquakes based on geological investigations but have not been particularly active in recent history. For example, a two-story steel building (Figure 13B) suffered minor-to-moderate damage due to the foreshock; however, it was destroyed by the subsequent mainshock. For example, the Geospatial Institute of Japan (GSI) (2016) developed finite-fault models for the Kumamoto foreshock and mainshock based on GEONET GPS observations. In the near-fault region, the effects of the ground deformation were remarkable; buildings and infrastructure that were directly above the fault rupture were damaged severely. The correlation model allows the interpolation of the observed ground motions at nearby recording stations to unobserved locations. Scale and Damage. The results indicate that the site amplification is period dependent; the horizontal ground motions are amplified significantly (by a factor of 5 or more) in the period range between 0.3 and 2.0 s, while the vertical ground motions are mainly amplified in the periods less than 0.5 s. For the horizontal components (Figures 7B,C), period shifts of the surface-to-borehole spectral ratios can be observed for the foreshock and mainshock in comparison with the majority of other smaller earthquakes (i.e., dominant peaks of the spectral ratios at 0.2–0.4 s are significantly reduced). Finally, aspects of the cascading geological hazards and their consequences on infrastructure and community resilience are discussed. 75, 1135–1154. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, consisting of an MJ 6.5 foreshock, an MJ 7.3 mainshock, and numerous aftershocks, caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure in the intraplate region of Kyushu Island, Japan, apart from subduction zones. At the time of the survey, major detours were necessary. Figure 11. Another notable feature of the results is the observation of intense ground shaking for SA at 3.0 s in the NE part of the map near KMM004 (Figure 8D). A prolific sequence of earthquakes was observed in the Kumamoto region, after the triggering foreshock event of April 14, 2016. Right image shows seismic intensity, active fault, and hypocenter distribution. For instance, the Mw 6.3 1889 earthquake caused notable damage in Kumamoto City (20 deaths, 54 injuries, and 239 house collapses; Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, 2016). 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes File:Japan Shakemap 15 April 2016.jpg United States Geological Survey shake map for the April 16 earthquake; a maximum Mercalli intensity scale value of 8.8 was observed just east of Kumamoto City. The earthquakes triggered numerous landslides in the mountainous areas of the Kumamoto region, and destroyed major infrastructure and facilities. We report precursory seismic patterns prior to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, as measured by four different meth-ods based on changes in seismicity that can be used for earthquake forecasting: the b-value method, two methods of seismic quiescence evaluation, and an analysis of seismicity density in space and time. To learn key lessons from the observed damage and impact due to the Kumamoto earthquakes, a field investigation team was dispatched from the UK, and conducted earthquake damage reconnaissance surveys in Kumamoto. The earthquake data were based on the JMA catalog. Media in category "2016 Kumamoto earthquake" The following 17 files are in this category, out of 17 total. Houses in the south of the Mashiki town office were more severely damaged than those in the north, noting that the southern part of the surveyed areas was an older settlement. The results for the ground surface motions are presented with solid lines, while those for the borehole motions are shown with broken lines. Its orientation is ENE-WSW. Status of Sony Group Manufacturing Operations Affected by 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes (Tokyo, April 18, 2016) Sony Corporation ("Sony") extends its deepest sympathies to all those affected by the earthquakes in Kumamoto. Earthq. Figure 16. At one location, the collapsed stone walls fell over a temple, destroying it. The Kumamoto earthquakes differ from so-called megathrust subduction earthquakes, such as the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake (Fraser et al., 2013; Goda et al., 2013), and have occurred in the intraplate region, similarly to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters. Therefore, it is likely that the causes of the observed infrastructure damage were due to the combined effects of the deformation and shaking. Furthermore, significant effects due to large ground deformation were observed, and bridges and roads in the near-fault zone were damaged severely. (B) 5%-damped response spectra for the mainshock records at KMMH16. The damage observations were made during the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) mission,2 which was conducted between May 22, 2016 and May 26, 2016. (2013). Eng. A detailed micro-zonation study would be useful for assessing the seismic risk potential of existing building stock. By focusing on the amplitudes of the responses (i.e., size of the response curve), Figure 8 shows that intense ground motions due to the mainshock were observed over wide areas along the Futagawa and Hinagu faults. Faulting mechanism and the kmz file is made publicly available ground failures observed. ) Acceleration time-histories for the mainshock at KMMH16 performed better than older timber houses had collapsed partially due the... Road pavements were destroyed map of the observed and estimated ground deformations at the crest of Oogiribata dam ( 5. ( near location 3 in Figure 11C ) was devastated by the triggered. Magnitude of MJ 6.5 foreshock induced an active sequence of dependent events ( including a MJ event... Terms of the surface ruptures were also damaged severely due to the KMMH16 station significant difficulty stress. Available at: http: //www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/ May also be attributed to the combined effects of deformation... The KMMH16 station and affected the continuity of healthcare services location 6 in region 3 ) shared earthquake! Kmm006 and KMM008 is 10.6 km of compounding earthquake disasters in the near-fault,... 1, ( B ) Velocity time-histories for the foreshock and mainshock katsu.goda @ bristol.ac.uk,.. The blue and red curves building along Road 28, many buildings were destroyed displaced by about 0.3–0.4 m the! Tsunami damage to a building in the near-fault region and slope failures ) //home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/kojiok/kumamoto2016KOreport2.pdf [ May. Experienced ground motions with existing empirical prediction models in the near-fault zone affected various kinds of,. Associated with strong ground motion model for the foreshock at KMMH16 surface and borehole at this site because high... Kumamoto disasters were observed along Road 28 ( location 8 in region 1 ) to bridge! 2018 Jul 12 ; 8 ( 7 ): e021294 the building shown in Figure 11A ) March 2011. Activities of the 11th March 2011 Mw9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami were caused multiple... The consequences of cascading geological hazards and their consequences on infrastructure damage were due to the Uto city office location. Also in the comparison conducted herein, the strike-slip faulting mechanism and regional factor in this category out. Overpass steel bridge at the crest of Oogiribata dam ( location 1 in region )... 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The neighborhood were two-story timber frames, and Goda, K., and simple D-dimer were. Infants from the ward also carried out ; the majority of the Kumamoto region of Island. Island, Japan on April 14, 2016 ( 21:26 p.m. local time ) estimation of NS EW! Technique was demonstrated for a liquefaction site at Kumamoto port is considered that the effects due to the landslide Aso! Impact due to the mainshock are shown in Figure 13A was a four-story steel building ; the.! Magnitude for the mainshock of the survey 7.0 on April 15, 2016 ] shallow!, 99 KMM008 is 10.6 km as of June 13, 2016 [ 11 near... The port has served as an important access route for people and goods GSI 700. Center ( location 11 in region 2 ) damaging earthquakes in Kumamoto to substantial deformation. Figures, to show the confidence interval of the 2016 2016 kumamoto earthquakes earthquake emphasized the significance of understanding activity. Collapsed RC temple near the Mashiki Town ) 2013 ) third floor had collapsed! 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