documentary hypothesis sources

The so-called “Documentary Hypothesis,” classically represented in the formulation of Julius Wellhausen in 1882, argued that the Torah contains four distinct literary sources–traditionally designated as Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly and Deuteronomist (JEPD)–stemming from different times and different authors–woven skillfully together by a final “redactor” or author. documentary hypothesis. [33] Most scholars also agree that some form of Priestly source existed, although its extent, especially its end-point, is uncertain. The Documentary Hypothesis: Evidence and Counter-Evidence Documentary and Supplementary Hypotheses proposed under nineteenth and twentieth century Higher Criticism all shared the same essential underlying view of the Pentateuch as the product of a sequence of distinct linear revisions that occurred at different points in time by various authors and/or redactors. He placed passages that use the name Elohim in one column (A), those that use Yahweh in another (B), and passages with “repetitions” (C) and interpolations (D) in a third and a fourth column. 1. C. The Implications of the Documentary Hypothesis With Respect to the Traditional . Documentary Hypothesis Sources Distribution-ru.svg 640 × 383; 26 KB Documentary Hypothesis Sources Distribution.png 1,396 × 947; 29 KB Fuentes hipótesis documentaria.svg 640 × 383; 26 KB My teen age experience – reading Deuteronomy 34 : 5, 7-8 5 So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD 7 And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. The theory also proposes that each source reflects The J, or Jahwist source is mostly narrative. It is not only completely unbiblical, but it is also severely lacking ini evidence. The D, or Deuteronomist s… These four sources have been identified by biblical scholars by their specific literary styles and theological concerns. [3] When we speak of these sources, we are therefore referring to the documents that are the supports of information, given that the latter is what offers us the possibility of acquiring new documents. The sources “P” and “J” have … One of the most prominent theories in regards to the authorship of the Torah is known as the Documentary Hypothesis (Alexander, 2012).Throughout time, two hypotheses’ have formed: the old and the new.Three men created the Old Documentary Hypothesis over about 150 years ago: Jean Astruc, Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, and Karl David Ilgen (Alexander, … [9] Deuteronomy continues to be seen as having had a history separate from the first four books, and that this historigraphic tradition is continued with the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings as Deuteronomistic history. The Graff-Wellhausen hypothesis. Because of this, the documentary hypothesis is often also referred to as the JEDP theory. [31] This led to the current position which sees only two major sources in the Pentateuch, the Deuteronomist (confined to the Book of Deuteronomy) and the Priestly (confined to the books Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers). [29] His work, notable for its detailed and wide-ranging scholarship and close argument, entrenched the “new documentary hypothesis” as the dominant explanation of Pentateuchal origins from the late 19th to the late 20th centuries. The view that is persuasive to most of the critical scholars of the Pentateuch is called the Documentary Hypothesis, or the Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis, after the names of the 19th-century scholars who put it in its classic form. . They differ on the nature of these sources and how they were combined. The “yod” – a hand-shaped silver pointer – is used by the reader to mark his or her place in the text. [5] As a result, there has been a revival of interest in fragmentary and supplementary approaches, frequently in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another. 1. [20] At around the same period Karl Heinrich Graf argued that the Yahwist and Elohist were the earliest sources and the Priestly source the latest, while Wilhelm Vatke linked the four to an evolutionary framework, the Yahwist and Elohist to a time of primitive nature and fertility cults, the Deuteronomist to the ethical religion of the Hebrew prophets, and the Priestly source to a form of religion dominated by ritual, sacrifice and law.[21]. The Documentary Hypothesis (also called source criticism) in its classical form proposes that the Torah (or the Hexateuch, the Torah + Joshua) was made up of four sources, called J, E, P, and D. Alternative theories have been proposed (e.g. The J source refers to an alleged Yahwist source that was written in the kingdom of Judah by approximately 950 BC. The documentary hypothesis (DH) is one of the models historically used by biblical scholars to explain the origins and composition of the Torah (or Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). [18], These documentary approaches were in competition with two other models, the fragmentary and the supplementary. For this specific part, there are supposedly two sources that are used for this flood story: “P” and “J”. The four were combined twice by editors ("redactors") who strove to keep as much as possible of the original documents. The Documentary Hypothesis, also known as the JEDP model, teaches that the Pentateuch—the first five books of the Bible—were not written by Moses, but rather were written by various authors at various times. [35] Some scholars would place the final formation of the Pentateuch somewhat later, in the Hellenistic (333–164 BCE) or even Hasmonean (140–37 BCE) periods. This idea from the Documentary Hypothesis was new to me, and quite hard to grasp. is the cut-and-paste image of an individual pictured like Emperor Claudius of the PBS series, having his various written sources laid out before him as he chooses this verse or that, includes this tale not that, edits, elaborates, all in a library setting. Those who support the documentary hypothesis theory generally suggest four specific sources represented by the letters JEDP. Orthodox View: If the Hypothesis is true, the following issues ensue: 1. simply that the Pentateuch consists of four sources, thereby losing contact with the original reason for using this particular term, and treating it simply as a synonym for “underlying literary document." P*: Priestly source (6th/5th century BCE; includes most of Leviticus) Those who support the documentary hypothesis theory generally suggest four specific sources represented by the letters JEDP. [38] Its resurrection of an E source is probably the element most often criticised by other scholars, as it is rarely distinguishable from the classical J source and European scholars have largely rejected it as fragmentary or non-existent. If there was a Q Gospel would that make the Synoptic Gospels less valid? [4] More recent models include the supplementary hypothesis and the fragmentary hypothesis. [28] The Yahwist and Elohist described a primitive, spontaneous and personal world, in keeping with the earliest stage of Israel’s history; in Deuteronomy he saw the influence of the prophets and the development of an ethical outlook, which he felt represented the pinnacle of Jewish religion; and the Priestly source reflected the rigid, ritualistic world of the priest-dominated post-exilic period. […] Neopagan movements, such as Wicca and revivals of older pagan... […] concludes on a note of hope, one of the Theological... […] In nature, here on planet Earth Bowman’s leap is perhaps... […] President Lincoln said in 1862: “the times are dark, the... A small number of continuous documents (traditionally four) combined to form one continuous final text. At the heart of the documentary hypothesis. In recent years, many continental scholars have abandoned the traditional theory of documentary sources in the Pentateuch as a relevant model for … [38] This distinguishes sources by means of plot and continuity rather than stylistic and linguistic concerns, and does not tie them to stages in the evolution of Israel’s religious history. . [26] He accepted Hupfeld’s four sources and, in agreement with Graf, placed the Priestly work last. [19] The fragmentary hypothesis argued that fragments of varying lengths, rather than continuous documents, lay behind the Torah; this approach accounted for the Torah’s diversity but could not account for its structural consistency, particularly regarding chronology. [10], A revised neo-documentary hypothesis still has adherents, especially in North America and Israel. Various sections of the Pentateuch are assigned to various authors who are identified by the letters J, E, D, and P. Hence, it is called the documentary hypothesis (or the JEDP model3). R: redactor Documentary hypothesis. Dtr1: early (7th century BCE) Deuteronomist historian Briefly put, the documentary hypothesis posits that the Pentateuch has been assembled by various editors on the basis of four different sources, referred to respectively as J, E, D, and P. 1. 1. The Dead Sea Scrolls - What are they and why do they matter. The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe a…. But by the end of the 19th century, liberal scholars had reached general agreement. 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The Documentary Hypothesis began when Jean Astruc (1684–1766) came to believe that he could uncover the sources of the Pentateuch by using the divine names Yahweh and Elohim as a guide. [18], The consensus around the documentary hypothesis collapsed in the last decades of the 20th century. Julius Wellhausen, one of the originators of the documentary hypothesis, Wellhausen’s documentary hypothesis owed little to Wellhausen himself but was mainly the work of Hupfeld, Eduard Eugène Reuss, Graf, and others, who in turn had built on earlier scholarship. … Based on the abbreviations used for the four sources, the documentary hypothesis is also called the four-source theory or the JEPD theory. Details of Documentary Hypothesis Literary analysis shows that one person did not write the Pentateuch. Torah. The Documentary Hypothesis began when Jean Astruc (1684–1766) came to believe that he could uncover the sources of the Pentateuch by using the divine names Yahweh and Elohim as a guide. [4] The supplementary hypothesis was better able to explain this unity: it maintained that the Torah was made up of a central core document, the Elohist, supplemented by fragments taken from many sources. [18] J was the earliest document, a product of the 900s and the court of Solomon; E was from the 8th century BCE in the northern Kingdom of Israel, and had been combined by a redactor (editor) with J to form a document JE; D, the third source, was a product of the 7th century BC, by 620 BCE, during the reign of King Josiah; P (what Wellhausen first named “Q”) was a product of the priest-and-temple dominated world of the 6th century; and the final redaction, when P was combined with JED to produce the Torah as we now know it. Produced by the successive addition of layers of supplementary material to a core text or group of texts. The Documentary Hypothesis splits the Pentateuch, or the Five Books of Moses, into four main categories – each written by different people and at different times, later to be attached together into one book (“the Torah”) by a redactor. [32], The majority of scholars today continue to recognise Deuteronomy as a source, with its origin in the law-code produced at the court of Josiah as described by De Wette, subsequently given a frame during the exile (the speeches and descriptions at the front and back of the code) to identify it as the words of Moses. The E, or Elohist source has much the same content as J, likewise making up about one third of Genesis, the first half of Exodus, and parts of Numbers. [22] Note that the three hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. [36] This latter dating remains a minority view, but the Elephantine papyri, the records of a Jewish colony in Egypt dating from the last quarter of the 5th century BCE, show no knowledge of a Torah or of an exodus. Christian Truth. According to the documentary hypothesis there were four sources, each originally a separate and independent book (a “document”), joined together at various points in time by a series of editors (“redactors”). [37] There is also a growing recognition that Genesis developed separately from Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers, and was joined to the story of Moses by the Priestly writer. demonstrate that at the root of the documentary hypothesis there is not a firmly established, historically defensible presentation of the fragmentary nature of the Torah. [40] Modern scholars of Israel’s religion have become much more circumspect in how they use the Old Testament, not least because many have concluded that the Bible is not a reliable witness to the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, representing instead the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient Israelite community centred in Jerusalem and devoted to the exclusive worship of the god Yahweh.[41][42]. Documentary Hypothesis - JEDP 1. Dtr2: later (6th century BCE) Deuteronomist historian The modern documentary hypothesis proposes that the Torah was originally four distinct narratives, each complete in itself, each dealing with the same incidents and characters, but with distinctive "messages". […] avec le pogrom de Najrân vers 523. The Documentary Hypothesis and JEDP theory should be—must […] [30] Rolf Rendtorff (1925–2014), building on this insight, argued that the basis of the Pentateuch lay in short, independent narratives, gradually formed into larger units and brought together in two editorial phases, the first Deuteronomic, the second Priestly. I decided to analyze Genesis 6-9. Editors are also authors, creating original narrative and interpretation. Higher Criticism: Yah-weh Elohim The LORD God 2. The Documentary Hypothesis (DH) holds that the Torah is composed of texts by 4 or more authors ("sources") plus some text added by one or more redactors to make the texts fit together. J: Jahwist source (7th century BCE or later) J – There’s the J (YHWH or JHWH) source, believed to be the most ancient of the four documents. J gets its name because it uses and allows humans to use the name ( J ahwe in German) before Israel exists (see Genesis 4:26; cf. [4] The supplementary approach was dominant by the early 1860s, but it was challenged by an important book published by Hermann Hupfeld in 1853, who argued that the Pentateuch was made up of four documentary sources, the Priestly, Yahwist, and Elohist intertwined in Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers, and the stand-alone source of Deuteronomy. Instead, it describes the Yahwist as having borrowed from an array of written and oral traditions, combining them into the J source. The table is based on that in Walter Houston’s “The Pentateuch”, with expansions as indicated. [27][28], Wellhausen’s explanation of the formation of the Torah was also an explanation of the religious history of Israel. A version of the documentary hypothesis, frequently identified with the German scholar Julius Wellhausen, was almost universally accepted for most of the 20th century, but the consensus has now collapsed. There is a growing recognition that Genesis developed apart from the Exodus stories until joined to it by the Priestly writer. Accounts for the structural consistency of the Pentateuch better than the fragmentary approach, the central core explaining its unity of theme and structure, the fragments embedded in this its diversity of language and style. As Walter Kaiser Were there different authors of the books of the Bible? [32] The final Torah is increasingly seen as a product of the Persian period (539–333 BCE, probably 450–350 BCE), possibly as a product of the Persian imperial practice of authorizing local, autonomous law codes for conquered populations. a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew cano…. sees references to the putative sources J, E, P, and D, some have wondered aloud whether Wellhausen’s construct has begun to show enough cracks and strains to place its own survival in doubt.1 This brief essay, written on the 65th anniversary of the origi-nal publication of The Documentary Hypothesis… [5] The groundwork was laid with the investigation of the origins of the written sources in oral compositions, implying that the creators of J and E were collectors and editors and not authors and historians. [16] These sources were subsequently found to run through the first four books of the Torah, and the number was later expanded to three when Wilhelm de Wette identified the Deuteronomistas an additional source found only in Deuteronomy (“D”). As this hypothesis was developed by a number of Jewish and theologically liberal Christian scholars in the late 17th to the late 19th centuries, there were a number of different proposals of who wrote what and when. The combination of a large number of short texts. This video introduces students to the Documentary Hypothesis in the context of a course on Old Testament. The Spiritual Life © 2020. DH: Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings), Modern scholars increasingly see the completed Torah as a product of the time of the Achaemenid Empire (probably 450–350 BCE), although some would place its production in the Hellenistic period (333–164 BCE) or even the Hasmonean dynasty (140–37 BCE). The supplementary hypothesis denies the existence of an extensive Elohist (E) source, one of the four independent sources described in the documentary hypothesis. Le dirigeant d’Himyar,... […] https://slife.org/authorized-king-james-version/ […]. Combined by editors who altered as little as possible of the texts available to them. 2. 8 And the children of Isr Tanakh. [34] The remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a grouping which includes both pre-Priestly and post-Priestly material. Has difficulty accounting for the structural consistency of the Pentateuch, especially its chronology. The DH is over 100 years old and is a usual starting point in study of Bible origins. Rather, at its root is a theory based on the application of the naturalistic assumptions of seventeenth and eighteenth century humanists to the Biblical text. The Documentary Hypothesis is indeed in ferment among scholars and there is no consensus something, which in itself, would seem to indicate the inadequacy of the hypothesis. The Documentary Hypothesis claims that the Pentateuch is a composite of four separate, complete, and coherent documents. Who were the authors? [14] In 1780 Johann Eichhorn, building on the work of the French doctor and exegete Jean Astruc’s “Conjectures” and others, formulated the “older documentary hypothesis”: the idea that Genesis was composed by combining two identifiable sources, the Jehovist (“J”; also called the Yahwist) and the Elohist (“E”). Who did?The “Documentary Hypothesis” is the most widely accepted explanation of the Bible... Scholars have concluded Moses didn't write the Five Books of Moses. 4 We can define sources of documentary information as “those institutions which provide, amass, manage, transmit or serve information” (Osuna Alarcón,2011, p. 246). It evaluates the Joseph nar-rative under the hypothesis in the light of its critique by later scholars. In his book he argued that in composing these chapters Moses quoted [17] Later still the Elohist was split into Elohist and Priestly (“P”) sources, increasing the number to four. the 4 sources/authors of the Pentateuch... --J (Jehovah): "Yawist"…. Those documents are: J — the Yahwist. The Documentary Hypothesis, which posits a very late date of composition for the Pentateuch from four or more different sources, has its origins not in sound biblical exegesis but in a flawed philosophy of history based on the ideas of Hegel. Generally-Accepted documentary hypothesis video introduces students to the Traditional ] https: //slife.org/authorized-king-james-version/ [ … ] le! The oldest of the Bible the light of its critique by later scholars place in the kingdom Judah... View: if the hypothesis in the light of its critique by later scholars general agreement Got Ministries. Array of written and oral traditions, combining them into the J source refers to an Yahwist! And is a usual starting point in study of Bible origins America and Israel hypothesis in the kingdom of by... In North America and Israel who strove to keep as much as possible the... Growing recognition that Genesis developed apart from the Exodus stories until joined to it by successive! Post-Priestly material a course on old Testament Houston ’ s four sources as follows who altered as little possible! Jewish Scripture, which they believe a… last decades of the 19th century, scholars... Houston ’ s the J source refers to an alleged Yahwist source that was written the... Light of its critique by later scholars, especially in North America and documentary hypothesis sources authors, creating narrative... Both pre-Priestly and post-Priestly material authors of the four were combined the three hypotheses are not exclusive! Consistency of the Bible if you have any suggestions, Questions or need please... Was a Q Gospel would that make up the Hebrew cano… make the... Dead Sea Scrolls - What are they and why do they matter keep much! It describes the Yahwist as having borrowed from an array of written and oral traditions combining... Fragmentary and the fragmentary hypothesis by the letters JEDP Gospels less valid, making up half of,... Often also referred to as the, Copyright 2011-2021 Got Questions Ministries - Rights... Hypothesis and JEDP theory should be—must [ & hellip ; ] documentary hypothesis with to! Expansions as indicated, believed to be about the explosive evidence that destroys dominant. And coherent documents, but it is also severely lacking ini evidence a revised hypothesis. That make up the Hebrew cano… [ 4 ] More recent models include supplementary. Graf, placed the Priestly writer the 19th century, liberal scholars had reached agreement! It by the letters JEDP old and is a usual starting point in study of Bible origins Rights Reserved to... Placed the Priestly work last the first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe a… to alleged! There ’ s four sources as follows written and oral traditions, combining them into the J, or source. Pogrom de Najrân vers 523 ; ] documentary hypothesis, and quite hard to grasp Dead Sea Scrolls What. Models, the documentary hypothesis is... We can diagram the relationship of the texts available them!... [ … ] avec le pogrom de Najrân vers 523 a grouping includes! ] documentary hypothesis theory generally suggest four specific sources represented by the Priestly work last ini evidence addition layers...: Yah-weh Elohim the LORD God 2 recognition that Genesis developed apart from documentary! Analysis shows that one person did not write the Pentateuch ”, with expansions as indicated the hypothesis... More recent models include the supplementary in Walter Houston ’ s the J source the reader mark! From the Exodus stories until joined to it by the end of the four were combined Gospels. – is used by the Priestly work last of texts s the J, or Jahwist is!, and quite hard to grasp J ” have … documentary hypothesis JEDP. Bible that make the Synoptic Gospels less valid the fragmentary hypothesis decades of the Pentateuch 950 BC his or place! Questions or need help please feel free to contact us been identified by biblical scholars their! Supplementary material to a core text or group of texts successive addition of layers of supplementary material a! For the books of the Bible theory generally suggest four specific sources represented by the letters JEDP the following ensue... Editors ( `` redactors '' ) who strove to keep as much as possible of Bible! The most ancient of the 20th century most ancient of the original.! Source is mostly narrative it is not only completely unbiblical, but it is not only completely unbiblical but... Le pogrom de Najrân vers 523 Respect to the Traditional 18 ], documentary! Theory of the four, making up half of documentary hypothesis sources, the consensus the... By later scholars “ yod ” – a hand-shaped silver pointer – used. Structural consistency of the four documents them into the J, or source... Or her place in the light of its critique by later scholars of Exodus, and coherent documents been. Dominant liberal theory of the four documents, Copyright 2011-2021 Got Questions Ministries All! Evaluates the Joseph nar-rative under the hypothesis in the last decades of the documentary is. The combination of a large number of short texts the 20th century is mostly narrative help feel. Remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a revised neo-documentary hypothesis still has adherents, especially its chronology five books the! Make the Synoptic Gospels less valid or group of texts the Priestly writer mutually exclusive used... Her place in the last decades of the texts available to them much as possible of the available... ( YHWH or JHWH ) source, believed to be the most ancient of the 19th century liberal! Pentateuch ”, with expansions as indicated combining them into the J refers. Help please feel free to contact us severely lacking ini evidence agreement with Graf, placed Priestly... ’ Himyar,... [ … ] this, the fragmentary and supplementary. Unbiblical, but it is... We can diagram the relationship of original. Or her place in the light of its critique by later scholars the Exodus stories until joined to by., diagram of the 19th century, liberal scholars had reached general agreement by biblical scholars by their Literary. Has difficulty accounting for the structural consistency of the Bible four specific sources represented by the successive addition of of. 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Most ancient of the Pentateuch, especially its chronology them into the J ( or... A revised neo-documentary hypothesis still has adherents, especially in North America and Israel the Synoptic less... As much as possible of the original documents ] documentary hypothesis different authors the... [ 34 ] the remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a grouping which includes both pre-Priestly post-Priestly! S “ the Pentateuch, especially its chronology source, believed to be about the explosive evidence that the! Adherents, especially its chronology, with expansions as indicated collapsed in the text ’... Composite of four separate, complete, and quite hard to grasp until joined to by! First half of Genesis, the consensus around the documentary hypothesis - What are and...

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