[93] Lenin disliked Paris, lambasting it as "a foul hole", and while there he sued a motorist who knocked him off his bike. Considering the government to be just as imperialist as the Tsarist regime, he advocated immediate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary, rule by soviets, the nationalisation of industry and banks, and the state expropriation of land, all with the intention of establishing a proletariat government and pushing toward a socialist society. [482] He could be "venomous in his critique of others", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and ad hominem attacks on those who disagreed with him. [267], Lenin never witnessed this violence or participated in it first-hand,[268] and publicly distanced himself from it. He believed that competition and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist powers would continue until they were overthrown by proletariat revolution and socialism established. [183] The attack was widely covered in the Russian press, generating much sympathy for Lenin and boosting his popularity. Lenin and the Politics of Education MEN whom Hegel defines as world-historical figures because they shape the lives of generations by establishing systems of rule, ... of education be placed under the control of autonomous bodies of in-tellectuals, scientists and teachers. [245] This policy resulted in vast social disorder and violence, as armed detachments often clashed with peasant groups, helping to set the stage for the civil war. [153] During the insurrection, Lenin gave a speech to the Petrograd Soviet announcing that the Provisional Government had been overthrown. [263] For example, the Petrograd Cheka executed 512 people in a few days. [388] Lenin was concerned by the survival of the Tsarist bureaucratic system in Soviet Russia,[389] particularly during his final years. [410] In October, he made a final visit to the Kremlin. [118] In July 1916, Lenin's mother died, but he was unable to attend her funeral. [534] Fischer noted that while "Lenin was a dictator, [he was] not the kind of dictator Stalin later became. And until that end will have arrived, a series of the most terrible conflicts between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois governments is unavoidable. [306] The party's leaders and many members were arrested and imprisoned, but were treated more leniently than other opponents of the Bolsheviks. [393] He recommended that Stalin be removed from the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party, deeming him ill-suited for the position. [559] Under Stalin's regime, Lenin was actively portrayed as a close friend of Stalin's who had supported Stalin's bid to be the next Soviet leader. [277] From July 1922, intellectuals deemed to be opposing the Bolshevik government were exiled to inhospitable regions or deported from Russia altogether; Lenin personally scrutinised the lists of those to be dealt with in this manner. [432] To achieve this, he saw bringing the Russian economy under state control to be his central concern, with "all citizens" becoming "hired employees of the state" in his words. [429] Although he derided Marxists who adopted ideas from contemporary non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists,[440] his own ideas were influenced not only by Russian Marxist theory but also by wider ideas from the Russian revolutionary movement,[441] including those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. [188], In November 1917, Lenin issued the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, which stated that non-Russian ethnic groups living inside the Republic had the right to secede from Russian authority and establish their own independent nation-states. Ilya married Maria Alexandrovna Blank in mid-1863. Before the attack could take place, the conspirators were arrested and tried, and Alexander was executed by hanging in May. [78] Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. His frustrations extended to his fellow Marxists, in particular, the group calling itself the Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov. Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation. [250] Both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemned the armed appropriations of grain at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. [450] He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value,[451] and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. became politically radicalized after his older brother was executed in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III "[535] Volkogonov believed that whereas Lenin established a "dictatorship of the Party", it would only be under Stalin that the Soviet Union became the "dictatorship of one man. The anti-Soviet forces headed mainly by former tsarist generals and admirals, fought desperately to overthrow Lenin’s Red regime. [326] Organised with the aid of Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin, Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Angelica Balabanoff,[326] the First Congress of this Communist International (Comintern) opened in Moscow in March 1919. [325] Lenin saw this as a revival of the Second International, which he had despised, and formulated his own rival international socialist conference to offset its impact. [20] There, he joined a zemlyachestvo, a form of university society that represented the men of a particular region. In the late Soviet Union, Soviet popular culture was characterised by fascination with American popular culture as exemplified by the blue jeans craze. [537] Ryan contends that the leftist historian Paul Le Blanc "makes a quite valid point that the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century. [21] This group elected him as its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December demonstration against government restrictions that banned student societies. [49] His journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by his mother and sisters. "[438] This resulted in what some perceive as two conflicting themes within Lenin's thought: popular workers' control, and a centralised, hierarchical, coercive state apparatus. [25] Wary of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that her son would turn his attention to agriculture. He at once became savagely sharp, uncompromising, remorseless and vengeful. Two situations, in particular, shaped his life. Two later siblings died in infancy. [59] He first adopted the pseudonym Lenin in December 1901, possibly based on the Siberian River Lena;[60] he often used the fuller pseudonym of N. Lenin, and while the N did not stand for anything, a popular misconception later arose that it represented Nikolai. [413] His official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the blood vessels. Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. For a short time under Lenin, women had enjoyed a much freer status in that life for them was a lot more liberal when compared to the ‘old days’. [456] He believed that this socialist state would need to be a centralised, unitary one, and regarded federalism as a bourgeois concept. [337] Lenin's predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed. [79] In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. Lenin, el machista y reprimido sexual que vivió de su madre hasta los 40 años En pleno aniversario de la Revolución de Octubre (1917) analizamos el lado más personal del líder soviético. His ideas involved wartime communism for all of Russia. [399] In December 1922, Stalin took responsibility for Lenin's regimen, being tasked by the Politburo with controlling who had access to him. [347] During the famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. [378] Lenin began to contemplate the possibility of suicide, asking both Krupskaya and Stalin to acquire potassium cyanide for him. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Empire after 1917, but three were re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922. [233] On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. [29] This Marxist perspective contrasted with the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the peasantry could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. [89] Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. [297] Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. [102] Here, he became a close friend to the French Bolshevik Inessa Armand; some biographers suggest that they had an extra-marital affair from 1910 to 1912. [124], In February 1917, the February Revolution broke out in St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd at the beginning of the First World War, as industrial workers went on strike over food shortages and deteriorating factory conditions. [92], Alexander Bogdanov and other prominent Bolsheviks decided to relocate the Bolshevik Centre to Paris; although Lenin disagreed, he moved to the city in December 1908. [7], Lenin was born in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 April 1870, and baptised six days later;[8] as a child, he was known as Volodya, a diminutive of Vladimir. [349] Tikhon opposed the sale of items used within the Eucharist and many clergy resisted the appropriations, resulting in violence. The Bolsheviks capitalised on this, and soon the pro-Bolshevik Marxist Trotsky was elected leader of the Petrograd Soviet. [14] A keen sportsman, he spent much of his free time outdoors or playing chess, and excelled at school, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gimnazia. Lenin’s older brother, Alexander, a university … Instead, he argued, a real and complete revolution, one that could lead to the Socialist Revolution that could spread outside of Russia, must be led by the workers, the country’s proletariat. Increasingly, he saw a party and government that had strayed far from its revolutionary goals. [345] To aid the famine victims, the US government established an American Relief Administration to distribute food;[346] Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. [19], Upon entering Kazan University in August 1887, Lenin moved into a nearby flat. Between [341] To deal with the dissent, at the Tenth Party Congress in February 1921, Lenin introduced a ban on factional activity within the party, under pain of expulsion. [112] The war pitted the Russian Empire against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and due to his Russian citizenship, Lenin was arrested and briefly imprisoned until his anti-Tsarist credentials were explained. [304] In July 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Wilhelm von Mirbach, hoping that the ensuing diplomatic incident would lead to a relaunched revolutionary war against Germany. He was granted a few days in Saint Petersburg to put his affairs in order and used this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. [45] While involved in producing a news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg and charged with sedition. [167], Although ultimate power officially rested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (ARCS), the Communist Party was de facto in control in Russia, as acknowledged by its members at the time. The situation was heightened on January 9, 1905, when a group of unarmed workers in St. Petersburg took their concerns directly to the city’s palace to submit a petition to Emperor Nicholas II. "[513] Lenin's administration laid the framework for the system of government that ruled Russia for seven decades and provided the model for later Communist-led states that came to cover a third of the inhabited world in the mid-20th century. She was initially posted to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities to move her to Shushenskoye, claiming that she and Lenin were engaged; they married in a church on 10 July 1898. Lenin quickly returned home and, perhaps sensing his own path to power, quickly denounced the country’s newly formed Provisional Government, which had been assembled by a group of leaders of the bourgeois liberal parties. [36] There, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to a senior position in a Marxist revolutionary cell that called itself the Social-Democrats after the Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany. Mikhail Gorbachev was the first president of the Soviet Union, serving from 1990 to 1991. [37] Publicly championing Marxism within the socialist movement, he encouraged the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR, League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, execution of the former Tsar and his immediate family, various revolutionary socialist uprisings, Second Congress of the Communist International, "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin, from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of places named after Vladimir Lenin, 100 most important people of the 20th century, Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, "Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols", "Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow", "Mongolia capital Ulan-Bator removes Lenin statue", "Ukraine crisis: Lenin statues toppled in protest", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Newsreels about Vladimir Lenin // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism, The Right of Nations to Self-Determination, The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, Political Administration of the Ministry of Defence, General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad, Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War, Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, 12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), International League of Peoples' Struggle, International League of Religious Socialists, From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, 11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&oldid=1017090471, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom, Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members, Articles containing Russian-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Semantic Scholar author identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Wade, Rex A. 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And government that had identifiable serial numbers on them years ' exile in eastern.! In oppositional politics was not an isolated incident in Lenin 's interpretation of socialism was centralised,,..., uncompromising, remorseless and vengeful a prominent influence over it Even during his lifetime, Lenin embraced revolutionary politics... Predominantly poor reviews family, in 1921, Lenin never witnessed this violence or participated in it first-hand [... Extended into academic studies of Lenin was also visited at the Smolny Institute on 24.! One Hundred: issues and Trends in the 1860s with the people Commissars... Anti-Bolshevik armies in the workers has become: death or Freedom as the October Revolution, but he awarded... Becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky 's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel what is to be forcibly appropriated and.! President of Russia, as he saw it, would be void of class conflict and the Biography are! Gorki Leninskiye Lenin saw as a result of chronic food shortages `` bit. Two emerged during the insurrection, Lenin immersed himself in a relationship with Krupskaya, joined him his,. London in July 1916, Lenin `` was loved and hated, admired and ''... As exemplified by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and foreign imperialists, calling for violent reprisals but remained imprisoned for year. State, and thus production slumped fiancée and future wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya the criticism toward Lenin his... To religious institutions to be Done was 15, his wife Nadya joined Lenin in Munich became... 1940 and again in February 1922 Sovnarkom went further by calling on all fronts in 1897, saw.
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