There is also no evidence that Shakespeare's two daughters were literate, save for two signatures by Susanna that appear to be "drawn" instead of written with a practised hand. Next Post Macbeth. Two years later, the American humorist Mark Twain publicly revealed his long-held anti-Stratfordian belief in Is Shakespeare Dead? John Taylor was the first poet to mention in print the deaths of Shakespeare and Francis Beaumont in his 1620 book of poems The Praise of Hemp-seed. Some variants of the group theory also include William Shakespeare of Stratford as the group's manager, broker and/or front man. Twoo bookes. To bridge the evidentiary gap, both Oxfordians and Baconians began to argue that hidden clues and allusions in the Shakespeare canon had been placed there by their candidate for the benefit of future researchers. The judge determined that ciphers identified by Fabyan's analysts proved that Francis Bacon was the author of the Shakespeare canon, awarding Fabyan $5,000 in damages. [49], Anti-Stratfordians also question how Shakespeare, with no record of the education and cultured background displayed in the works bearing his name, could have acquired the extensive vocabulary found in the plays and poems. It is recognized by Oxfordians and Stratfordians alike that writing about royal courts, Italy and… [64], Alternative authorship theories generally reject the surface meaning of Elizabethan and Jacobean references to Shakespeare as a playwright. [42], Anti-Stratfordians consider Shakespeare's background incompatible with that attributable to the author of the Shakespeare canon, which exhibits an intimacy with court politics and culture, foreign countries, and aristocratic sports such as hunting, falconry, tennis, and lawn-bowling. [200] In 1974, membership in the society stood at 80. Almost uniquely among his peers, Shakespeare's plays include references to grammar school texts and pedagogy, together with caricatures of schoolmasters. Why is Queen Elizabeth important to theatre? [230], Bacon was proposed as sole author by William Henry Smith in 1856 and as a co-author by Delia Bacon in 1857. [12] Those Shakespeare scholars who have responded to such claims hold that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable in attributing authorship,[13] and that the convergence of documentary evidence used to support Shakespeare's authorship—title pages, testimony by other contemporary poets and historians, and official records—is the same used for all other authorial attributions of his era. [152], As early as 1845, Ohio-born Delia Bacon had theorised that the plays attributed to Shakespeare were actually written by a group under the leadership of Sir Francis Bacon, with Walter Raleigh as the main writer. Why Oxfordians Should be Post-Modernists Heward Wilkinson October 2019 Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship Conference in Hartford, CT Why Oxfordians Should be Post-Modernists HEWARD WILKINSON Dear Oxfordian friends and colleagues, I come not to bury facts, and factual enquiry, but to praise interpretations. After the actor David Garrick mounted the Shakespeare Stratford Jubilee in 1769, Shakespeare led the field. Beginning in the 1990s Oxfordians and other anti-Stratfordians increasingly turned to the Internet to promulgate their theories, including creating several articles on Wikipedia about the candidates and the arguments, to such an extent that a survey of the field in 2010 judged that its presence on Wikipedia "puts to shame anything that ever appeared in standard resources". it is my impression that many Oxfordians have been beaten down psychologically over the years by the academic taboo against even discussing the authorship question; as well as by the virulent ad hominem attacks on our allegedly disreputable motives for questioning the authority of the Shakespeare experts. [226], Gilbert Slater's The Seven Shakespeares (1931) proposed that the works were written by seven different authors: Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Sir Walter Raleigh, William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, Christopher Marlowe, Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, and Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland. [87] This honorific was conventionally designated by the title "Master" or its abbreviations "Mr." or "M." prefixed to the name[74] (though it was often used by principal citizens and to imply respect to men of stature in the community without designating exact social status). Edward de Vere. ‘… for truth is truth though never so old, and time cannot make that false which was once true’, ~ Edward de Vere in a letter dated 07 May 1603. In 1955 Broadway press agent Calvin Hoffman revived the Marlovian theory with the publication of The Murder of the Man Who Was "Shakespeare". [39], Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was a glover (glove-maker) and town official. Those who came after Looney stood on his shoulders, and saw further than he did. Both signed their names with a mark, and no other examples of their writing are extant. Much Ado About Nothing", Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s), Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden, Free energy suppression conspiracy theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_authorship_question&oldid=1013982788#Stratfordians_and_anti-Stratfordians, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use shortened footnotes from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 March 2021, at 15:00. Nevertheless, he's ready to put the Baconians, Oxfordians, Marlovians and other anti-Stratfordians behind him. [181] After the First World War, Professor Abel Lefranc, an authority on French and English literature, argued the case for William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, as the author based on biographical evidence he had gleaned from the plays and poems. [245] Oxford was noted for his literary and theatrical patronage. [c][57] The hyphen is also present in one cast list and in six literary allusions published between 1594 and 1623. One is dated 23 August 1600 and entered by Andrew Wise and William Aspley: Entred for their copies vnder the handes of the wardens. Some authorship theorists argue that the figure originally portrayed a man clutching a sack of grain or wool that was later altered to help conceal the identity of the true author. He concludes that the consensus play chronology is roughly the correct order, and that Shakespeare's works exhibit gradual stylistic development consistent with that of other artistic geniuses. [234], In a letter addressed to John Davies, Bacon closes "so desireing you to bee good to concealed poets", which according to his supporters is self-referential. Anti-Stratfordians vs. Stratfordians. Looney had noticed the striking connections between the life of Oxford and the life of the Earl of Southampton. [232] Delia Bacon argued that there were hidden political meanings in the plays and parallels between those ideas and Bacon's known works. "[176] Karl Bleibtreu, a German literary critic, advanced the nomination of Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, in 1907. Marlowe was the older by two months, and spent six and a half years at Cambridge University. Stratfordians Shakespeare Oxford Marlowe haox fraud authorship Anne Hathaway Stratford-upon-Avon FACT [262] He was first proposed as the sole author of Shakespeare's "stronger plays" in 1895 by Wilbur G. Bacon became Queen's Counsel in 1596 and was appointed Attorney General in 1613. [219], Two months before the release of the film, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust launched a campaign attacking anti-Stratfordian arguments by means of a web site, 60 Minutes With Shakespeare: Who Was William Shakespeare?, containing short audio contributions recorded by actors, scholars and other celebrities,[220] which was quickly followed by a rebuttal from the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition. [162] Instead of performing archival research, she sought to unearth buried manuscripts, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade a caretaker to open Bacon's tomb. An extract from the book 40 Strange Groups which is currently on sale for $0.99 The Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship holds that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the plays and poems traditionally attributed to William Shakespeare. Of those 15 title pages with Shakespeare's name hyphenated, 13 are on the title pages of just three plays, Richard II, Richard III, and Henry IV, Part 1. His initials were W. S., and he was known to sign himself "Will", which qualified him to write the punning "Will" sonnets. Given the issue’s importance in the Oxfordian argument, the documentary’s neglect to explore it more thoroughly was an egregious omission. . [182], With the appearance of J. Thomas Looney's Shakespeare Identified (1920),[183] Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, quickly ascended as the most popular alternative author. Gaps in the record are explained by the low survival rate for documents of this period. [65] Similarly, praises of "Shakespeare" the writer, such as those found in the First Folio, are explained as references to the real author's pen-name, not the man from Stratford. She gained permission in the late 1930s to excavate, but authorities quickly withdrew her permit. Aristocrats such as Derby and Oxford supposedly used pseudonyms because of a prevailing "stigma of print", a social convention that putatively restricted their literary works to private and courtly audiences—as opposed to commercial endeavours—at the risk of social disgrace if violated. They also believe that any evidence of a literary career was falsified as part of the effort to shield the true author's identity. [71] The publication of the image failed to achieve its intended effect, and in 2005 Oxfordian Richard Kennedy proposed that the monument was originally built to honour John Shakespeare, William's father, who by tradition was a "considerable dealer in wool". So-called “Anti-Stratfordians” are skeptical that the son of a tradesman who had so little education could have written the complex and wide-ranging works attributed to him. [239] This sparked a cipher craze, and probative cryptograms were identified in the works by Ignatius Donnelly,[240] Orville Ward Owen, Elizabeth Wells Gallup,[241] and Dr. Isaac Hull Platt. [212] A similar print debate took place in 1999 in Harper's Magazine under the title "The Ghost of Shakespeare". Despite adulatory tributes attached to his works, Shakespeare was not considered the world's greatest writer in the century and a half following his death. [254] Consequently, they date most of the plays earlier than the standard chronology and say that the plays which show evidence of revision and collaboration were left unfinished by Oxford and completed by other playwrights after his death.[255]. [198] Nothing was found. He married Mary Arden, one of the Ardens of Warwickshire, a family of the local gentry. in The National Review, like Zeigler, Mendenhall and Watterson proposing that Marlowe wrote the works of Shakespeare, and arguing in particular that the Sonnets were an autobiographical account of his survival. In the great Shakespeare Authorship Controversy, it's mainly the "Stratfordians" (those who know beyond a doubt that William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England, is truly the author of the works attributed to him) vs. the "Oxfordians" (those who are certain that it was really Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who wrote under the pseudonym of William Shakespeare). It always amazes me how anyone could read those plays and "not" be aware of the intense and compressed amount of direct personal experience that lies therein. Two of the three Parnassus plays produced at St John's College, Cambridge, near the beginning of the 17th century mention Shakespeare as an actor, poet, and playwright who lacked a university education. [209] This was followed in 1992 by a three-hour Frontline teleconference, "Uncovering Shakespeare: an Update", moderated by William F. Buckley, Jr.[210] In 1991 The Atlantic Monthly published a debate between Tom Bethell, presenting the case for Oxford,[211] and Irvin Leigh Matus, presenting the case for Shakespeare. Outcrop Analogue vs. Reservoir Data: Characteristics and controlling Factors of Reservoir Properties of the Upper Jurassic geothermal Carbonate Reservoirs of the Molasse Basin, Germany Austin, Al, and Judy Woodruff. I challenged him to a debate. The other is dated 26 November 1607 and entered by Nathaniel Butter and John Busby: Entred for their copie under thandes of Sr George Buck knight & Thwardens A booke called. The theory that the works of Shakespeare were in fact written by someone other than William Shakespeare dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. [85] He names twelve plays written by Shakespeare, including four which were never published in quarto: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Comedy of Errors, Love's Labour's Won, and King John, as well as ascribing to Shakespeare some of the plays that were published anonymously before 1598—Titus Andronicus, Romeo and Juliet, and Henry IV, Part 1. The 25-member jury, which included Henry George, Edmund Gosse, and Henry Irving, came down heavily in favour of William Shakespeare. His other daughter, Judith, signed a legal document with a mark. [98], The historian and antiquary Sir George Buc served as Deputy Master of the Revels from 1603 and as Master of the Revels from 1610 to 1622. [1] Although the idea has attracted much public interest,[2][a] all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, and for the most part acknowledge it only to rebut or disparage the claims. This lack of documentation is taken by many anti-Stratfordians as evidence that Shakespeare had little or no education. [229], The leading candidate of the 19th century was one of the great intellectual figures of Jacobean England, Sir Francis Bacon, a lawyer, philosopher, essayist and scientist. [114], Shakespeare's will, executed on 25 March 1616, bequeaths "to my fellows John Hemynge Richard Burbage and Henry Cundell 26 shilling 8 pence apiece to buy them [mourning] rings". He refers to Shakespeare's "sug[a]red Sonnets among his private friends" 11 years before the publication of the Sonnets.[86]. Before he takes his final bow, Prospero makes one last plea to his eternal audience. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. A film producer brought an action against a Baconian advocate, George Fabyan. Shakespeare also alluded to the petty school that children attended at age 5 to 7 to learn to read, a prerequisite for grammar school. The language of the will is mundane and unpoetic and makes no mention of personal papers, books, poems, or the 18 plays that remained unpublished at the time of his death. [225], Various group theories of Shakespearean authorship were proposed as early as the mid-19th century. The first complete folio edition of Shakespeare’s works was published in 1623 and dedicated to Edward de Vere’s son-in- law, the Earl of Montgomery. [82] Several contemporaries corroborate the identity of the playwright as an actor,[83] and explicit contemporary documentary evidence attests that the Stratford citizen was also an actor under his own name. This would explain why there are multiple signatures of Shakespeare. Neither William of Stratford nor any of his family or friends ever claimed that he was a poet, dramatist or writer of any kind. [36] Further, the lack of biographical information has sometimes been taken as an indication of an organised attempt by government officials to expunge all traces of Shakespeare, including perhaps his school records, to conceal the true author's identity. Designed by GonThemes. In 1857, the first book on the topic, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded, by Delia Bacon, was published. De Vere is mentioned once in the book, in a list of "high-born wits a… [68], Oxfordians think that the phrase "our ever-living Poet" (an epithet that commonly eulogised a deceased poet as having attained immortal literary fame), included in the dedication to Shakespeare's sonnets that were published in 1609, was a signal that the true poet had died by then. Living four miles from Stratford-upon-Avon from 1600 until attending Oxford in 1603, Digges was the stepson of Thomas Russell, whom Shakespeare in his will designated as overseer to the executors. The engraving is usually attributed to Martin Droeshout the Younger. His surname was spelled inconsistently in both literary and non-literary documents, with the most variation observed in those that were written by hand. [37][38], Shakespeare was born, brought up, and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he maintained a household throughout the duration of his career in London. Surely they couldn’t have been Anti-Stratfordians, Baconians, Oxfordians, or any other ian, or they would at least have raised the Shakespeare authorship question as an afterthought. [106] In 1641, four years after Jonson's death, private notes written during his later life were published. In The First Part of the Return from Parnassus, two separate characters refer to Shakespeare as "Sweet Mr. Shakespeare", and in The Second Part of the Return from Parnassus (1606), the anonymous playwright has the actor Kempe say to the actor Burbage, "Few of the university men pen plays well ... Why here's our fellow Shakespeare puts them all down."[108]. [149] David Strauss's investigation of the biography of Jesus, which shocked the public with its scepticism of the historical accuracy of the Gospels, influenced the secular debate about Shakespeare. [174], By the end of the 19th century other candidates had begun to receive attention. Playwright. Orthodox research into Shakespeare's sources barely conflicts with this analysis. That Heywood stated with certainty that the author was unaware of the deception, and that Jaggard removed Shakespeare's name from unsold copies even though Heywood did not explicitly name him, indicates that Shakespeare was the offended author. [24], Most anti-Stratfordians suggest that the Shakespeare canon exhibits broad learning, knowledge of foreign languages and geography, and familiarity with Elizabethan and Jacobean court and politics; therefore, no one but a highly educated individual or court insider could have written it. [73] Shakespeare was also allowed the use of the honorific "gentleman" after 1596 when his father was granted a coat of arms. They say that his moral philosophy, including a revolutionary politico-philosophic system of government, was concealed in the Shakespeare plays because of its threat to the monarchy. [145] By the middle of the century his genius was noted as much for its intellectual as for its imaginative strength. [53], In his surviving signatures William Shakespeare did not spell his name as it appears on most Shakespeare title pages. The first question to ask in such a circumstance is why doubt exists. [153] Their purpose was to inculcate an advanced political and philosophical system for which they themselves could not publicly assume responsibility. On the basis of cryptograms he detected in the sixpenny tickets of admission to Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, he deduced that both Bacon and his mother were secretly buried, together with the original manuscripts of Shakespeare's plays, in the Lichfield Chapter house in Staffordshire. [179] John M. Robertson published The Baconian Heresy: A Confutation in 1913, refuting the contention that Shakespeare had expert legal knowledge by showing that legalisms pervaded Elizabethan and Jacobean literature. Shakespeare authorship question From AN ESSAY The frontispiece of the First Folio (1623), the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. Heywood protested this piracy in his Apology for Actors (1612), adding that the author was "much offended with M. Jaggard (that altogether unknown to him) presumed to make so bold with his name." [180] In 1916, on the three-hundredth anniversary of Shakespeare's death, Henry Watterson, the long-time editor of The Courier-Journal, wrote a widely syndicated front-page feature story supporting the Marlovian theory and, like Zeigler, created a fictional account of how it might have happened. . “Ovid, the love of Shakespeare’s life among Latin poets, made an overwhelming impression upon him, which he … [201], The freelance writer Charlton Ogburn Jr., elected president of The Shakespeare Oxford Society in 1976, promptly began a campaign to bypass the academic establishment; he believed it to be an "entrenched authority" that aimed to "outlaw and silence dissent in a supposedly free society". [248] They also note Oxford's connections to the London theatre and the contemporary playwrights of Shakespeare's day, his family connections including the patrons of Shakespeare's First Folio, his relationships with Queen Elizabeth I and Shakespeare's patron, the Earl of Southampton, his knowledge of Court life, his private tutors and education, and his wide-ranging travels through the locations of Shakespeare's plays in France and Italy. [265] Greenstreet discovered that a Jesuit spy, George Fenner, reported in 1599 that Derby "is busye in penning commodyes for the common players". [252], Oxford's purported use of the "Shakespeare" pen name is attributed to the stigma of print, a convention that aristocratic authors could not take credit for writing plays for the public stage. [227] In the early 1960s, Edward de Vere, Francis Bacon, Roger Manners, William Herbert and Mary Sidney were suggested as members of a group referred to as "The Oxford Syndicate". The appearance of Shakespeare's six surviving authenticated[51] signatures, which they characterise as "an illiterate scrawl", is interpreted as indicating that he was illiterate or barely literate. [249] The case for Oxford's authorship is also based on perceived similarities between Oxford's biography and events in Shakespeare's plays, sonnets and longer poems; perceived parallels of language, idiom, and thought between Oxford's letters and the Shakespearean canon; and the discovery of numerous marked passages in Oxford's Bible that appear in some form in Shakespeare's plays. The first mock trial was conducted over 15 months in 1892–93, and the results of the debate were published in the Boston monthly The Arena. [163] She believed she had deciphered instructions in Bacon's letters to look beneath Shakespeare's Stratford gravestone for papers that would prove the works were Bacon's, but after spending several nights in the chancel trying to summon the requisite courage, she left without prising up the stone slab. [30] Anti-Stratfordians rely on what has been called a "rhetoric of accumulation",[31] or what they designate as circumstantial evidence: similarities between the characters and events portrayed in the works and the biography of their preferred candidate; literary parallels with the known works of their candidate; and literary and hidden allusions and cryptographic codes in works by contemporaries and in Shakespeare's own works. Oxford followed his grandfather and father in sponsoring companies of actors, and he had patronised a company of musicians and one of tumblers. Are Oxfordians Snobs? On these facts alone the candidacy of William of Stratford as the author of Shakespeare’s plays is a non-starter, while Edward de Vere, whose plays are said by orthodox commentators to be entirely lost, fits the profile of the missing poet ‘Shakespeare’ like a glove. Love's Labour's Lost is set in Navarre and the play may be based on events that happened there between 1578 and 1584. To the question of whether there is good reason to question Shakespeare's authorship, 6 per cent answered "yes", and 11 percent "possibly". [132] The tests determined that Shakespeare's work shows consistent, countable, profile-fitting patterns, suggesting that he was a single individual, not a committee, and that he used fewer relative clauses and more hyphens, feminine endings, and run-on lines than most of the writers with whom he was compared. [130], Shakespeare's plays differ from those of the University Wits in that they avoid ostentatious displays of the writer's mastery of Latin or of classical principles of drama, with the exceptions of co-authored early plays such as the Henry VI series and Titus Andronicus. In 1959 the American Bar Association Journal published a series of articles and letters on the authorship controversy, later anthologised as Shakespeare Cross-Examination (1961). Laut diesen Skeptikern fehlte ihm auch der Einblick in das in den Werken häufig dargestellte Leben am Königshof. Anti-Stratfordians believe that the plays and poems attributed to William Shakespeare are too skilled and sophisticated to have been written by someone whose life story (what little we definitely know of it, at any rate) was as unexceptional as the Stratford man’s. In London on 26 November 1988 study tools rescinded his decision, and that its members communicated with each the! 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